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Cell Cycle part 2

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Now the cell should have double the amount DNA after interphase. The next phase is m-phase. The m-phase consists of mitosis (separation of 1 cell nucleus to 2 nuclei) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division or whole cell division). There are 4 steps in mitosis. To help understand this concept, I will explain the structure of a chromosome. A chromosome is formed during mitosis to help in nuclear division. A chromosome has two sides, each side is a copy of the other(interphase), therefore, each side separates into its own nucleus so the new cell has an exact copy of the parent cell's DNA. The first phase is called prophase. During prophase, the chromosomes become visible from chromatin and the nucleolus disappears. The next phase is called metaphase. Here, the chromosomes line up in the center and fibers called spindle fiber attach to the chromosomes centromere from both sides. The next step, anaphase, the spindle fibers pull on the chromosomes where each copy is separated to either s
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Cell cycle (mitosis) Part 1

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Our cells in our body go through cellular replication. There are many steps that occur before we get two cells from one cell. Every normal person would have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The chromosomes contain genetic information that is vital for a cell to perform its function. Therefore, a cell needs to go through steps that helps it to pass its exact copy of DNA to its offspring. First, the cell goes through a phase of growth and maturity called the G1(growth) phase. Then, the cell goes through the S phase or the synthesis phase. The S phase is when the cells DNA gets duplicated. This process takes time for completion. The DNA, first, needs to split. The enzyme, Helicase, separates the DNA through the process of hydrolysis. This literally means "to split by water". Each nitrogenous base share one water molecule to stick together. This enzyme helps adds another water molecule, giving each nitrogenous base its own water molecule, as a result, the DNA splits in halves. Next t
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Gene Therapy- Why is it important ?

Gene therapy is used to help cure  cancer and other disorders caused genetically. It's possible to do this because gene therapy can replace the disordered gene or a missing gene. This process has been used before and it helped not just people with cancer but also people with disorders like hemophilia and immune deficiencies. You may ask "how do you take the gene to the cells?". Well, scientists use vectors as carriers of the new gene. There are many types of vectors. One of many is a viral vector. Viral vectors are viruses that have the new gene implanted and these vectors do not contain the gene that cause the sickeness. Once the vector injects this new gene into a cell then the cell would start making the protein that previously wasn't made. Since, every somatic (body) cell goes through mitosis (cellular replication), this cell would replicate itself with the new gene creating another generation of cells with this gene. Therefore, this process is very significant
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Facts about Laser

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Ever wondered why alcohol and coffee make you pee more?

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Besides the fact that the person drank to much of either of these substances, there are natural reasons why this is the cause. When a person intakes alcohol they deactivate hormones in their body. This hormone is known as anti diuretic hormone (ADH) which is released from the pituitary gland. This gland resides at the base of the brain; these hormones are circulated all over body. ADH is responsible for the in take of water to the body from the kidneys.When they reach the kidney, the hormones create aquaporins in the kidney's cell membrane. Aquaporins are proteins that creates pores in the cell membrane; these pores help absorb the water back to the body instead of being excreted. Therefore, when people drink these substances they excrete all the body's water instead of reabsorbing some of it back to the body.This is the cause that makes people pee more. This is also the reason why  coffee or alcohol  makes people  dehydrated.
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4th state of matter???

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Plasma is the fourth state of matter. This is basically gas particles that are ionized. This happens when the temperature goes up, the atoms collide knocking out the electrons which creates free and excited (high energy) electrons. This temperature is reached by the stars. Therefore stars are surrounded and made by plasma making it the largest amount of matter in the universe which is 99%of the whole universe. Plasma can be classified thermal or non thermal. Thermal plasma have the same high temperature, which means they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. In  non thermal plasma the heavy particles have much lower temperature as low as the room temperature, however, the electron has very high temperature. Plasma also has a magnetic field and is highly conductive to electricity. Plasma is all around us such as lightning, fire, citrus in a microwave. :-)
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What is Alzheimer?

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Alzheimer's disease was first found in 1901 by Mr. Alzheimer when a patient had the symptoms of this disease. This disease is caused by a change in the brain. When the patient's nerve tissues in the brain seemed to affected by irregular folded protein called plaques and tangles in the neurons, it will break down the brain structure. Now you might wonder where the plaques came from. The fatty protein surrounding the nerve cells get cut of by certain enzymes. These proteins are called beta-amyloid, they stick together forming plaques, however, vaccines can prevent the forming of plaques by informing the immune system about the plaques. Certainly, if we are too late we can only slow down the progress by giving treatments. Clumps, also known as tangles, are dangerous because they disrupt the communication between the nerves, disabling a lot of neuron cells. These tangles created are called neurofibrillary tangles caused by the protein that makes the pathway for food molecules. This
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